T 0210/89 (Re-establishment of rights by appellant opponent) 20-10-1989

Reasons for the Decision

1. The first question for the Board's decision is the legal one of whether or not restoration of rights under Article 122 EPC is available to an opponent Appellant, whose Notice of Appeal is, under Rule 36(5) EPC, deemed not to have been received and whose appeal, therefore, does not exist in law.

2. It has been established in G 1/86, OJ EPO 1987, 447, that restoration of rights under Article 122 may be available not only, as expressly stated in that Article, to an applicant for, or the proprietor of, a European patent, but also to an opponent. This departure from the clear and express wording of Article 122 is, however, strictly limited, for the reasons set out in the above case, which are also germane to the issue in this one.

3. Paragraph 6 of the Reasons for the above decision states that a historical analysis of the background to Article 122, as well as a comparison of the national laws of the Member States, suggests that opponents may not have their rights re-established in respect of missed time limits for starting appeals. By contrast, applicants for or proprietors of European patents are not thus disadvantaged, because the time limit for their starting appeals is dealt with by Articles 108 and 122 EPC.

4. In paragraph 11, by contrast, the above decision explains that neither the wording of Article 122 EPC, nor the above historical analysis, militates against let alone precludes the re- establishment of opponents' rights during valid appeal proceedings, i.e. once such proceedings had come into being by timely service of a Notice of Appeal and the payment of the requisite fee (Art. 108 EPC).

5. Thus, in line with the principles stated in paragraph 11 of G 1/86, and pursuant to Article 125 EPC, the principles of procedural law generally recognised by the Contracting States need to be invoked to answer the legal question in this case, namely, whether or not opponents may have their rights re- established under Article 122 in respect of missed time limits for starting appeals as well as time limits missed in the course of appeals already validly commenced.

6. The relevant principle here is 'equality before the law', according to which all parties to proceedings before a Court must be granted the same procedural rights. It is, of course, well recognised, and is indeed expressly stated in paragraph 14 of G 1/86, that the Boards of Appeal of the EPO function as Courts so that the above principle of equality before the law applies to their proceedings in the same way as it does to the proceedings of other Courts.

7. The Enlarged Board, in G 1/86, dealt only with the specific issue before it, and therefore gave its answer only to the second half of the question of law set out in paragraph 5 above. Thus it held that, for the purposes of restoration under Article 122, applicants for, or proprietors of, European patents on the one hand and opponents on the other hand should be treated equally in the case of appeals already validly in being. The question for this Board, however, is whether or not the principle of equal treatment should be extended to cover restoration of rights under Article 122 in respect of missed time limits for starting proceedings, that is to say, time limits falling due before the actual legal commencement of an appeal.

8. From G 1/86, paragraph 13 follows that it is well accepted that the principle of equality before the law applies only to similar legal situations, and then only if a differentiation of treatment between the parties cannot be objectively justified (cf. judgment of the EC Court of Justice of 8 October 1980 in Case 810/79 - Peter Überschar, reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Communities 1980 p. 2747). Furthermore, G 1/86, paragraph 5 makes it clear that the legal situation of an opponent Appellant is not similar to that of an applicant (or patentee) Appellant, in cases where, for procedural reasons, appeal proceedings have not yet come into being. Whilst it is true that in both cases the first instance's decision becomes final, the absence of an appeal by an opponent results in a European patent being maintained, whilst the like omission by an applicant/proprietor leads to the revocation or limitation of the European patent which involves an irrevocable loss of his rights. Thus the applicant or proprietor, having failed to set in motion his appeal, finds himself at the end of the legal road, for he has no further European or national legal remedy available to him. By contrast, an opponent, having failed to set his appeal in motion, can, if he wishes, seek revocation in the national courts into whose jurisdiction the European patent will have passed: Articles 2(2) and 64(1) EPC.

9. In the Board's view, therefore, the correct legal position is that in cases where the appeal procedure had not been set in motion, the principle of equality before the law cannot be applied so as to give an opponent the same right to restoration under Article 122 as an applicant or a proprietor enjoys.

10. Applying the above general principle to the present case, there is no appeal legally in being, the faxed Notice of Appeal of 29 March 1989 not having been confirmed in writing: Rule 36(5) EPC. For the reasons stated above, the ratio of the judgment of the Enlarged Board in G 1/86 cannot validly be extended to cover such a situation, but must be construed as being restricted to cases where an appeal is legally extant.

11. It follows that it is not necessary for the Board to decide whether the Appellant had fulfilled the conditions laid down by Article 122(1) and (2) EPC.

12. Lastly, the Board notes the recent decision of the President of the EPO published in OJ EPO 1989, 219 revoking, with effect from 1 July 1989, his earlier decision of 29 July 1987 and thereby modifying from that date the operation of Rule 36(5) EPC. The applicant for restoration in the present case cannot, however, avail himself of this decision, because his faxed Notice of Appeal was filed on 29 March 1989, and the principle of legal certainty precludes any retrospective application of the President's recent amendment of the operation of Rule 36(5) EPC.