T 0090/84 02-04-1985

Reasons for the Decision

1. The appeal complies with Articles 106 to 108 and Rule 64 EPC and is, therefore, admissible.

2. The relevant closest state of the art is described in document (i) which concerns the preparation of filaments, fibres and foils by melt spinning from acrylonitrile copolymers having a molecular weight from 10 000 to 200 000. Although 20 000 and 40 000 are also mentioned, the specific examples rely on material with a molecular weight of 58 000. Characteristically the method involves a total stretch ratio from 25 to 250 (page 20, line 4), and this may either be carried out in one stage or in two stages wherein the first stage represents a ratio from 5 to 150 and the second a ratio from 1.1 to 30 (page 20, lines 23 to 28).

3. The technical problem in respect of this state of the art was to apply the known process to acrylonitrile copolymer fibres with low molecular weights so that the expected loss of quality is reduced, which means that the quality is relatively improved and the product thereby represents acceptable physical properties. The solution of the problem involves, in addition to the choice of material with a number average molecular weight of at least 6 000 and less than 15 000, a two stage stretch within the known total stretch ratio of at least 25, wherein the first stretch has, characteristically, a lower ratio than the second one. According to the examples, the resulting fibres have a straight tenacity from 2.9 to 4.7 g/denier, a straight elongation from 27 to 35%, a loop tenacity from 1.8 to 2.4 g/d and a loop elongation from 13 to 23%. This should bring the quality of the fibres within the ranges of values provided by commercial acrylic fibres.

4. As to the technical relevance of the particular manner of carrying out the two stretches, i.e. using a lower ratio in the first stretch than in the second one, the Appellant presented comparative results in the opposition proceedings (16.8.83). The values for the above mentioned four relevant properties improve significantly in 13 out of 16 instances in the case of the four different fibres made according to the invention, in comparison with fibres processed under the same total stretch wherein the second stretch ratio was equal with or lower than the first one. In two of the remaining three instances the loop elongation showed no superiority and in one case the straight elongation was marginally less than in the comparisons. Nevertheless, straight tenacity and loop tenacity improved in all instances. The figures have remained unchallenged in these proceedings and can be taken as evidence to the effect that the alleged improvement has been achieved.

5. As to the question of novelty, this depends to some extent whether or not the cited art contained instructions which directly implied that two stage stretching is to be carried out by selecting a stretch with a lower ratio first. The Opposition Division came to the conclusion that this particular feature was also disclosed in document (i) because the choice of a second stretch with a ratio higher than 16 (exactly from 15.8 to 30), i.e. in nearly half the cases, would inevitably require a first stretch ratio with a lower value in view of the maximum for the total stretch.

6. The Board cannot accept this as being tantamount to a specific disclosure of the required relationship of the stretch ratios. There was no compelling reason to chose the upper half of the available range for the second stretch, let alone to consider this first. If anything, the careful selection of the ratio for the first stretch first might have been more sensible. This would have meant a higher first stretch ratio within 15.8 to 150, i.e. in 92% of available choices of a ratio within the range. It is also relevant that the broad range given for the first stretch starts and ends higher than the corresponding end-points of the narrow range of second stretch ratios. This gives the impression of a signpost rather pointing to a higher first stretch ratio, in the direction opposite to that now recommended by the patent in suit. The area of selection is no more than about 20% of that originally available, without a single specific example disclosed in the state of the art even for a two-stage processing.

7. The Opposition Division was in error when it considered a particular feature of the claim, i.e. the relatively smaller first stretch ratio, within the general area of two-stage stretching, as disclosed specifically in the cited art on the basis that the skilled man could recognise this as a sub-group. However, such reasoning would destroy the novelty of the selection in most cases since all features needed to distinguish a particular sub-group are usually mentioned in the parent document and the selection may then be derivable as a formal exercise. Against this, the Board holds the view that no sub-group is disclosed in an individualised manner by implication, unless it is directly recognisable by the skilled person on the basis of some relevant specific grounds according to the disclosure which would compel him to become aware of the same, and which would not be applicable to other sub-groups. Since there is no hint in the disclosure leading to the required kind of combination of stretches, the skilled person would have had no reason to take notice of this in particular, out of the three possibilities. The specified selection on this basis is therefore novel in the given context, and this is additionally confirmed by the distinctive results which are associated with it (cf. Decision T 198/84, "Thiochlorformiate/BASF", 28.2.85, to be reported).

8. In view of the above, the question of the proper interpretation of various kinds of references to molecular weight, i.e. whether or not they are numerical or weight averages, becomes irrelevant for the assessment of novelty. In any case, document (i) refers to 10 000, 20 000 and 40 000 specifically. Either does the first of these fall within the terms of the claim in the patent or would one of the others do the same when converted through division by a factor of 2 to 5 to a numerical average. Whilst the use of a relatively low molecular weight copolymer was thus not excluded by the broad statements of the cited earlier specification, such disclosure was not coupled with the concept of processing the same in a two-stage stretching in a peculiar manner either. The novelty of Claim 1 in the patent is therefore unaffected.

9. As regards the inventive step, it should first be noted that the mere fact that certain possibilities are available to the skilled person and that he could have therefore acted in a certain manner does not necessarily mean that he would have done so in the light of the problem to achieve a relative improvement in quality and in the absence of expectations of such results or in view of fear that some predicted disadvantages might outweight any small advantage. (cf. T 2/83, "Simethicone Tablet/RIDER", OJ. 6/1984, 265. II. Headnote). Although any use of low molecular weight material would have entailed a lower energy requirement, an increased productivity and the like advantages in consequence of lower viscosity, the expected loss of quality overshadowed the idea. The authoritative statement by Walczak, relying on the much earlier publication by Mark (cf. col. 1, lines 4-20 in the specification), suggests that the lower limit for the numerical molecular weight was 15 000 for acrylonitrile polymer fibres of any value. This has been confirmed by a very recent review of the position (Masson, J.C., et al. Fibre Producer, June 1984, 34-41). The article refers to commercial fibres form acrylic polymersas practicable from a weight average molecular weight of 99 000 onwards, which should of course correspond to at least 20 000 or more in numerical average terms. Although US-A-2 585 444 and DE-2 318 609 also mention low molecular weight polyacrylonitriles, such materials were processed by methods other than melt spinning and are therefore further removed from the invention than (i). The specification itself mentions (col. 5, line 20) Dralon as the closest commercially available product with a numerical average molecular weight of 16 000. Thus the skilled person was somewhat discouraged to explore the lower ranges further in the hope that with some modification the position might be improved.

10. Document (i) relates to shaped articles in general (cf. Claims 1 and 9) and includes foils in addition to fibres in the examples, whilst the related U.S. document (II), published much later on, is only concerned with fibres. The argument that the former mentions material with 10 000 whilst the latter has 30 000 as the lowest value and therefore the former statement must only be attributed to foils and not to fibres, cannot be accepted. In a series of continuation applications the amendments can have reasons other than a recognition of distinction in this respect. The cited document (i) also relates to fibres (cf. Examples 1 and 2) and the statements as to possible molecular weights must be construed to refer to them too in the absence of anything to the contrary. The fact that there may thus be produced a fibre of somewhat inferior quality which might nevertheless be useful for certain purposes, should not detract from the general belief that the best qualities are obtained with higher molecular weight material. Nor should such situation prevent the skilled man from trying to improve the less-than-perfect types of material, in an ingenious manner, in spite of the discouraging background.

11. The Board relies on the comparative tests submitted on behalf of the Patentee on 16 August 1983. There is nothing on record which suggests that the Respondent has challenged the contention that an improvement against other arrangements of the stretch ratios was thereby demonstrated. The Opposition Division also accepted this as a fact and only remarked that all samples, i.e. irrespective of the alleged inventive distinction, have been shown to have at least useful commercial properties. Whilst this is true, it must also be remembered that the problem to be solved was to obtain relatively improved products in this range and not products which are already superior to those on the market and rely on high molecular weight material. There is also an allegation in the Statement of Grounds that the comparative tests benefited somewhat from the results of 10 years development and the difference in favour of the invention alone would have been more pronounced had the earlier methodology been applied. The onus was actually on the Opponent to make it credible that there is no improvement associated with the selected conditions specified in the claim. In the absence of anything contrary from the Respondent to what the Appellant provided, the Board is bound to come to the conclusion that the claimed process obtains unexpectedly improved results.

12. In view of the expected drop in quality caused by any use of low molecular weight copolymers, the skilled man could have embarked on major experimentation to investigate the numerous process conditions which together influence the melt spinning process. The choice of selecting the feature of stretch and within that the two-stage variant was only one of many possibilities. This and the fact that the inventor acted against the main trend implied in the conditions for the two stretches in the citation show that the invention is not a result of routine measures for optimisation in the most promising obvious directions.Claim 1 therefore involves an inventive step and the same applies to dependent Claims 2 to 4 since these fall fully within its scope.