T 0926/09 (Component assemblies/INTERTRUST) 04-09-2013

Reasons for the Decision

Originally filed claims

1. The request for grant of a European patent for this di visional application was received on 23 November 2004. The request indicated the number of claims as 12, but only 8 claims were filed along with it.

1.1 The receiving section noted this mismatch and, with letter of 28 De cem ber 2004, invited the appellant to comment. The appellant explained that it had been its intention to file 12 claims and submitted anew the 12 claims which it be lie ved had been originally filed (see telefax of 5 January 2005).

1.2 The appellant also suggested a possible confusion with an other of its applications, European patent appli ca tion 04078195.7. The latter application was filed on the same day as the present one, also as a divisional application of the same earlier application, and along with 12 claims although the request for grant mentioned 8 claims.

1.3 The receiving section appears to have accepted the appellant's arguments that there had been a confusion and summarized in a letter dated 25 January 2005 as the "situation" that EP04078194.0 has 12 claims and EP04078195.7 has 8 claims. The letter gave no reasons as to why or on what legal basis the new situation was accepted.

1.4 In both cases, search and examination were based on the claims filed on 5 January 2005. Application no. 04078195.7 has meanwhile proceeded to grant.

1.5 In the present case the 12 claims submitted on 5 January 2005 were filed before receipt of the European search re port, and hence in breach of the prohibition under Rule 86(1) EPC 1973. Therefore it would seem that, whatever the cause of the confusion, the search and the entire examination procedure was based on a set of claims the admissibility of which was questionable.

1.6 This question may however be left open since the appellant was en titled to rely on the communication by the receiving section according to the generally accepted prin ciple of good faith and the protection of the legitimate expectations of parties before the EPO. There fore the board treats the 12 claims filed with letter of 5 January 2005 as originally filed.

The invention

2. The application in general relates to computer security in the sense of maintaining the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of the information used (see origi nal application, p. 1, lines 3-12). Inter alia, the appli cation is concerned with protecting the rights of content owners based on a "virtual dis tri bution environ ment" VDE (see p. 4, lines 7-18) and a "rights operating system" ROS (see p. 239, lines 4-15).

2.1 It is disclosed that the "ROS VDE functions may be based on segmented, independently loadable executable "compo nent assemblies" which are to perform "operating system or application tasks" (see p. 251, lines 6-8 and 18-20). According to a preferred embodiment, the ROS "assembles component assemblies ... based on" so-called "Per missions Records" PERC which "identif[y] ... the ele ments [the] ROS is to assemble together to form a com po nent assembly" (p. 258, lines 1-4 and 11-19).

2.2 It is further disclosed that assembling the component assem blies may be based on "context parameters (e.g., object, user)" (see page 254, line 13 - page 255, line 2).

2.3 The ROS is disclosed to include a "Host Processing En vi ronment" HPE and/or a "Secure Processing Environment" SPE, both of which are jointly referred to as "Protected Processing Environments" (p. 239, lines 11-15). As part of an SPE, a "hardware tamper-resistant barrier" is dis closed (p. 240, lines 6-9), and as part of an HPE a "soft ware-based tamper-resistant barrier" (e.g. p. 242, lines 6-10).

2.4 Claim 1 as originally filed relates to a "secure compo nent-based operating process" including, inter alia, the retrieval of a "record that specifies a component assem bly" and the forming of a "component assembly in accor dance with said record" (steps b and d). Original claims 8 and 9 specify that "at least two of [the] steps" of original claim 1 are performed "within a protected processing environment" or, respectively, "within tamper[-]resistant hardware".

The prior art

3. Throughout examination, D1 was used as a starting point for the assessment of novelty and inventive step. D1 deals with the reuse of software components and dis clo ses in particular a "reuse library" (see fig. 1, no. 103) in which users may locate software components for re trie val and which assures, by way of encryption, that such components were not modified by unauthorized par ties (see e.g. abstract and fig. 6; see also col. 15, lines 40-68 and ff.).

The decision under appeal

4. In addition to original claim 1, claim 1 of the main request specifies that

- the claimed process "is to be carried out in a pro tected processing environment ... that is resistant to tampering by users of the equipment on which the protected processing environment is operated; that

- "said component assembly" be "assembl[ed]" - rather than "formed" - "in accordance with said record", and that

- "said component assembly provides functions needed for a user to perform a task on an object ..., and the assembly of said component assembly is based at least in part on context parameters relating to the object or user".

5. Rule 137(4) EPC, in its version in force before 1 April 2010, provides that amended claims may not relate to 1.) unsearched subject matter which 2.) does not combine with the originally claimed invention to form a single general inventive concept, i.e. which is not unitary with the originally claimed invention.

5.1 Regarding unity (condition 2), it is argued that

a) original claim 1 is not new over D1 (see reasons 1.1, esp. the feature table); that

b) the features of original claims 8 and 9, "in particular the feature of claim 9", "constitute a special technical feature" in the sense of Rule 44(1) EPC (rea sons 1.1, p. 4, 1st par. below the table); whereas

c) the special technical feature of the amended claims is "basing the assembly on context para me ters" (2nd par. below the table).

It is concluded that "thus" the "special fea tures of both groups are neither the same nor corresponding", so that "non-unity would have been present if claim 1 of the main request had been filed together with the original claims" and that "[h]ence, the subject-matter of claim 1 of the main request does not combine with the ori gi nally claimed invention or group of inventions to form a single general inventive concept" (3rd par. below the table).

5.2 Regarding the scope of the search (condition 1), the de ci sion states with reference to the Guide lines but with out any explicit argu ment that the amendment of claim 1 could not have been "reasonably expected" and that, hence, "it must be assumed that claim 1 [of the main re quest] relates to unsearched subject matter" (rea sons 1.1, last par. brid ging pp. 4 and 5). Accor ding to the minutes (see p. 1, 2nd par.), the examining divi sion had suggested that "the extensive de scription of over 900 pages did not make it practi cal ly possible for the search examiner to extend the search to more than what was strictly needed to inter pret the claims".

The board's position

6. The examining division had raised a novelty objection against claim 1 in view of D1 in its first communi ca tion dated 21 June 2006. Apparently in reaction to the appellant's response, the examining division changed its analysis of claim 1 in the communi ca tion of 13 April 2007, finding (see point 2.2) that claim 1 differed from D1 by

(b) retrieving a record that specifies a component assembly, and

(c) said component assembly is formed in accordance with said record.

This finding was maintained in the summons to oral pro ceedings (also point 2.2).

In the decision however the examination division, re ferring to their argument dated 21 June 2006, returned to its initial analysis and found feature (b) and (c) to be known from D1.

6.1 During oral proceedings, the appellant appears to have argued that the "context parameters" specified in more detail the original claimed "component assem blies" and should thus have been admitted even if an additional search might be required (see minutes, p. 4, 4th and 1st pars.).

6.2 That the examining division did not accept this argument appears to be due, at least partly, to the fact that it returned to the view that feature (b) and (c) - and especially the "component assemblies" - were known from D1.

7. Re. Unity: Where the decision identifies the technical features of original claims 8 and 9 as "a special tech nical feature" (see p. 4, 1st par.) it does not ex pli citly refer to any claim or set of claims. Since how ever the following paragraphs refer to the amended claims and, respectively, the comparison of amended claim 1 and original claim 1, the board takes the decision to iden tify the features of original claims 8 and 9 as the spe cial tech nical features of the original set of claims 1-12.

7.1 Original claims 8 and 9 specified at least two of the then claimed steps to be performed, respectively, "in a protected processing environment" and "at least in part within tamper resistant hardware". Amended claim 1 spe ci fies the claimed process "to be carried out in a pro tec ted processing environment ... that is resistant to tampering by users of the equipment on which the pro tec ted processing environment is operated" and thus requires features which are rather similar to those of original claims 8 and 9. If, as the decision argues, the features of original claims 8 and 9 are special tech nical features in view of D1 it would appear that the mentioned feature of amended claim 1 had to be con sidered a special technical feature, too. Moreover, it would also appear that this feature of amended claim 1 would have to be deemed "same or corresponding" to those of original claims 8 and 9 and therefore to es tab lish unity according to Rule 30 EPC 1973 (equivalent to Rule 44(1) EPC) , irrespective of the fact that amen ded claim 1 also specifies the context parameters The decision does not address this issue and, in par ti cular, does not give reasons as to why the examining division might have dismissed this consideration.

7.2 Moreover, the decision identifies as special technical features of the original set of claims those of ori ginal claims 8 and 9 but does not give any reasons as to why the analysis is restricted to de pen dent claims 8 and 9. This ignores the possibility that other depen dent claims might also contain special tech ni cal fea tures of the originally claimed invention which might establish a technical relationship - and there by unity - between the originally claimed inven tion according to claims 1-12 and amended claim 1.

7.3 For both reasons the board considers that the rea sons given in the decision for lack of unity between the ori ginal set of claims and amended claim 1 of the main request are incomplete and therefore insufficient to justify the conclusion.

8. Re. Scope of the search: The "component assemblies" are disclosed in the description beginning on page 251, line 4. They are described as components of the ROS which itself is disclosed on pages 239 ff. Even though, as the examining division argues, the application is very large, it would appear that the disclosure relevant for the "component assemblies" is concentrated on pages 239-267 and could have been easily located at the search stage. The board therefore considers that amended claims based on material from this part of the descrip tion cannot be dismissed by reference to the size of the description as a whole. Moreover, the board agrees with the appellant that the "context parame ters", disclosed on pages 254-255, constitute a reaso nable limi tation of the claimed "component assemblies" in res ponse to an inventive step objection by the exa mi ning division and should therefore have been co vered by the search. If the context parameters were, in fact, not searched, the board also agrees with the appellant that an additional search may be required (see also T 789/07, headnote 1).

Auxiliary requests

9. The two auxiliary requests on which the decision is based appear to have been filed during oral proceedings to replace all previously pending auxiliary requests (see decision, facts 8, and minutes, p. 4, penult par.). Neither the decision nor the minutes, however, contain a copy of these two requests. The auxiliary requests pre sently on file were submitted during appeal on request of the board's registry.

9.1 It is the common understanding that the auxiliary re quests filed during appeal are meant to be the same as the ones submitted during oral proceedings before the examining division even though it is not clear how this could be established.

9.2 This notwithstanding however, the board notes that the appellant maintains the auxiliary requests "[a]s a precaution" but does not challenge or even address the examining division's decision not to admit them under Rule 137(3) EPC as required by Article 12(2) RPBA.

9.3 Thus the appeal is not substantiated insofar as it relates to the decision of the examining division not to admit the auxiliary requests and so the board sees no reason to con si der them now.