T 0239/96 23-10-1998

Reasons for the Decision

1. The appeal is admissible.

The respondent's legal position - reformatio in peius

2. Decision G 9/92

Decision G 9/92 (OJ 1994,875) concerns the question whether a patentee who has not filed an appeal of his own and therefore is only a party to the opposition appeal proceedings as of right under Article 107 EPC, is entitled to go beyond the decision under appeal in forming his request in response to the appeal. The Enlarged Board of Appeal answered this question in the negative, deciding that a patentee in this position is primarily restricted to defending the patent in the form it has been maintained by the decision under appeal and that any amendment proposed in the appeal may be rejected as inadmissible by the Board of Appeal if it is neither appropriate nor necessary.

While it is true that the wording of this decision leaves some margin of flexibility for the respondent/patentee, it seems not to leave any room for the patentee to go back to the patent as granted in a situation like the present, where the amended claims as maintained are found to be in conflict with formal patentability criteria such as the requirements of Article 123(2) EPC. In G 9/92 a minority of the members of the Enlarged Board held that the foremost obligation on the EPO is the examination of its own motion, which would make reformatio in peius admissible. The minority relied on the travaux préparatoires in arriving at this conclusion. The majority, however, relied on the practice which was found appropriate for the Boards of Appeal according to a number of Enlarged Board of Appeal decisions, such as G 7/91, G 8/91, G 9/91 and G 10/91, which had established that the nature of appeal proceedings is close to civil proceedings before courts of law, and that therefore the principle of party disposition must have precedence over examination by the EPO of its own motion. One result of this principle was that a party who has not himself appealed against a decision of the first instance cannot demand having the same position as the appellant. By not appealing, the party had in fact accepted the boundaries of the decision of the first instance.

3. Several questions arise in the present case which are not discussed in G 9/92. The first one concerns the lack of a provision in the EPC for a so-called cross-appeal (in German: "Anschlußbeschwerde") for a party who has not planned on appealing himself but finds that the opposing party has appealed, and maybe at such a late stage that the first party is no longer able to appeal himself (cf. the present case where the notice of appeal was filed on the last day of the two months allowed under the EPC). Several national legislations of member States to the EPC provide for such an extra time period for filing "cross-appeals", e.g. the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. A cross-appeal makes it possible for the respondent to file counter requests going beyond the confines of the decision under appeal. However, since that party has not filed an appeal of his own, but only reacted to the opposing party's appeal, and the cross-appeal is out of term with regard to a proper appeal, the cross-appeal is dependent on the proper appeal. Therefore, should the appellant withdraw the appeal, the respondent's cross-appeal is likewise considered non-existent and the case will be dismissed without any decision being taken on the merits of either party's substantive requests. This fate of a cross-appeal corresponds to a respondent's position when the sole appellant withdraws the appeal.

4. Decision G 9/92 mentions the fact that the EPC does not include any possibility of a cross-appeal by a respondent, but does so only in passing without drawing any conclusions therefrom. However, it seems to this Board that this deficiency in the EPC is of prime importance when considering the respondent's procedural position and the issue of reformatio in peius.

Firstly, the possibility to cross-appeal is procedurally economic in that where a party is not fully satisfied by a decision, he may nevertheless abstain from appealing to avoid that the other party files a cross-appeal, which would leave the legal situation wide-open again. In practice it has been found that this does have a preventive function.

Secondly, cross-appeals are procedurally economic also for the reason that, if the appellant realises during the appeal proceedings that he has little chance of winning, he can by merely withdrawing his appeal enforce the closure of the proceedings as a whole. No possibly costly and time consuming review of the respondent's requests will take place.

5. Another question raised in the present case is the argument of the respondent that he would not have been able to file an admissible appeal since he was not adversely affected, the Opposition Division having allowed his main request. On this point, the Board would on the one hand refer to the principle of party disposition recognised by the EPO, cf. G 8/91 (OJ EPO 1993, 346), point 5 of the reasons, i.e. that parties have to decide themselves what requests they want to submit and that the Boards of Appeal would as a rule not examine a case of their own motion. In short, one may conclude for the present case that the respondent put himself in this unfavourable position by not keeping the granted claims as his main request before the Opposition Division.

The Board would on the other hand also remark that the lack of a cross-appeal under the EPC actually complicates the procedure unnecessarily in cases where each party would be prepared to accept the decision if it had some guarantee that the other party would also agree to it. In the legal situation under the EPC, the parties may have to maintain requests on file which are unlikely to be allowed, purely in order to be formally qualified to appeal under Article 107 EPC. The deciding body must then spend time on examining and putting forward reasons why these requests cannot be allowed. This situation is hardly satisfactory, neither for the parties, nor for the EPO. Nor can the interests of the public be said to be satisfied by such a cumbersome procedural result. Seen from this point of view, the argument of the respondent is not without merit.

6. Based on the above, the Board would conclude that, in the absence of a provision on cross-appeal, reformatio in peius cannot be ruled out altogether under the EPC, since it may serve as a means of avoiding unnecessary litigation, while still satisfying legitimate expectations of the parties for a fair hearing. A referral under Article 112 EPC has been requested, and the Board is sympathetically inclined towards this request, at least in respect of a more generally worded question, since it does raise an important point of law. However, Article 112 EPC provides for referral if the Board finds that a decision by the Enlarged Board of Appeal is required. Therefore, should the Board find, for other reasons than those discussed above, that none of the respondent's requests for maintenance of the patent can be allowed, there is no room for a referral. The Board will therefore proceed to review these six requests on their substantive merit.

The respondent's main request

7. Novelty

It is not in dispute that an IC card according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from D1.

The characterising part of the claim mainly concerns two different features. First, it is specifed that at least one chip is located at a position outside the area bound by the rows of contact segments. Second, resin has been molded on only the upper surface of the IC chip, the upper surface being the one on which the electrical terminals are arranged, such that the resin faces the top sheet.

It is common ground that D1 does not disclose the first characterising feature. As to the second feature, the appellant has pointed out that D1 mentions on page 7 that the top surface of the chip is covered with a lacquer drop ("Lacktropfen"). In the view of the Board, however, it has not been convincingly shown that the molded resin in claim 1 can be identified with such a lacquer drop. Thus this feature is also regarded as distinguishing.

It follows that the subject-matter of claim 1 is new.

8. Inventive step

8.1. Compared with the closest prior art, which is described in D1, the invention as set out in claim 1 is said to provide solutions to two different technical problems.

8.2. The first characterising feature solves, in the appellant's view, the problem of mechanical strain during the read/write process on a chip which is placed between the rows of electrical contact segments. This problem was mentioned in the application as filed.

In the patent as granted, however, another problem was given, namely the difficulty of arranging a chip in the limited space between the contact rows (an area 5.62 mm wide, according to the relevant ISO standard). That problem was also referred to in the application as filed.

There was some discussion during the oral proceedings before the Board whether one or the other problem should be regarded as the most appropriate one for the assessment of inventivity. The Board takes the view that an inventive step can only be involved if there is no way of arriving at the claimed subject-matter, no matter what (objectively admissible) problem is considered.

The Board chooses first to regard the problem mentioned in the patent and addressed by the Opposition Division, namely the alleged difficulty of arranging a chip within the limited space between the rows of contacts.

It should be clear that the important factor here is the size and number of the chips to be provided. In D1, a single chip provides processor functions and memory. The memory is needed to store data such as information about the card owner or concerning a bank account to which the card provides access. The priority date of D1 is roughly four years before that of the present invention. It must be assumed that in these four years more and more versatile cards were being developed, cards which required more powerful processors and larger memories. Therefore, in the view of the Board, it was merely a matter of time before the card designers would be confronted with the necessity of using larger chips and/or providing a separate memory chip. In this situation the problem concerning the limited space between the contacts rows had to be addressed. Therefore the recognition of the problem has no inventive merit. As to the solution to the problem, which consists in placing the chip or chips outside the limited area, the Board considers it as trivial.

In the decision under appeal it is pointed out that D2 already discloses a card provided with two chips located outside the area between the contact rows. The Board finds that this document reinforces the above argument without being essential for it.

Thus the addition of the first characterising feature to the card known from D1 involves no inventive step. It follows that there is no need to consider the other technical problem mentioned above.

8.3. The second characterising feature, namely the resin layer molded on top of the chip, is said to have the effect of dampening any impact on the card which might otherwise damage the chip.

The appellant has insisted on the fact that the patent-in-suit contains no indication of this problem. Indeed, it is merely said in the description that "after completion of the connection, a resin is molded on the surface of main chip 5", ie only the presence of the resin is expressly disclosed, but not its purpose.

In the Board's opinion, a technical problem alleged to be solved by the invention as claimed must concern an effect which is derivable from the application as filed. This is also in agreement with the Guidelines C-IV 9.5. In the present case the effect of dampening out external impacts may well be consistent with the disclosure, but it does not follow unambiguously from it: other effects are also imaginable. Applying the same principle as before, all possible effects which may be derived from the original application need to be considered in order to determine whether an inventive step is involved.

One such effect, according to the appellant, is that the resin layer will protect the upper surface of the chip from fraudulent manipulations. The Board finds this problem at least as consistent with the description of the patent under consideration as the one suggested by the respondent. The formulation of this problem has no inventive merit in view of the common application of IC cards as bank cards and pay cards.

As noted in the decision under appeal, D3 discloses a technique of covering the upper surface of the chip (see fig.4) with a "substance" in order to protect it from manipulations. The Opposition Division was of the opinion that a resin was an obvious choice of material for the substance since resins are commonly used in cards and easy to work with. The Board can only agree with this conclusion.

Thus also the addition of the second feature is not regarded as inventive. There is no interrelationship between the two characterising features. It follows that the subject-matter of claim 1 does not involve an inventive step.

The respondent's subsidiary request 1

9. Claim 1 according to this request specifies that the distance between the contact rows is 5.62 mm. This implies that the claimed card conforms to the ISO standard.

The Board notes first that the feature is implicitly disclosed in D1 and thus does not constitute a difference over the closest prior art. This fact, which is confirmed by the respondent's having included the characteristic in the preamble of the claim, would normally mean that the feature does not contribute to any inventive activity. The respondent nevertheless argues that the limitation serves to distinguish the invention from the teaching of D2, which is not expressly said to concern an ISO card. As set out above, however, D2 is not regarded as essential for the argumentation. Nor is the ISO standard crucial: if the technical problem concerns the relationship between the dimensions of a certain area of the card and the size of an unspecified chip, it cannot be of any importance whether that area is exactly 5.62 mm wide or not.

Thus the subject-matter of this claim also does not involve an inventive step.

The respondent's subsidiary request 2

10. According to claim 1 of this request, the leads connecting the electrical terminals on the chip to the internal connecting members on the card have portions not covered by resin. The basis for this additional feature is a drawing (Figure 3). The appellant objected to the wording "a portion" since it might imply that some parts of the leads are indeed covered by resin, something which was not disclosed. In reply, the respondent changed the formulation into "the internal connecting members are not covered..". This latter version of the claim is considered here.

As the appellant pointed out in the oral proceedings before the Board, the drawings in D3 already disclose the feature that the electrical leads connecting the chip with the external contacts are not covered by the layer applied to the upper surface of the chip. (The "embedded material" also shown in the drawings of D3 is optional - see column 7, lines 13 to 15 - and therefore neglected here.) The feature makes sense in the circumstances since there is no need to protect the leads to the external contacts, which are anyway accessible. The skilled person would therefore have taken over also this feature when combining D3 with D1.

Thus also the subject-matter of this claim does not involve an inventive step.

The respondent's subsidiary requests 3 to 5

11. The claims of these three requests are identical with the claims of three higher-ranking requests, except that the resin molded on the upper surface of the chip is said to contact the top sheet. This feature was included in the version of claim 1 which was considered by the Opposition Division. In fact, claim 1 according to subsidiary request 3 is identical with the independent claim which the Opposition Division finally accepted.

11.1. The basis in the patent application as originally filed for the feature that the resin layer contacts the top sheet is solely Figure 3. In its communication, the Board raised the question whether this figure constitutes an unambiguous disclosure of the feature in view of the fact that a schematic drawing would not be capable of depicting any small gap which might exist between the resin layer and the top sheet. However, it need not be decided whether or not the modification represents an inadmissible extension of subject-matter since, for the reasons given below, the Board is of the opinion that the inventions according to these requests do not involve an inventive step in any case.

11.2. The technical effect of the resin layer being in contact with the top sheet seems to have been difficult to express in precise terms. This is natural considering that the description does not even mention the feature; still, the problem-solution approach requires that a technical effect and a corresponding problem be identified.

The decision under appeal gives the relevant problem as "protecting the upper surface of the chip". This is rather general. The Opposition Division was more specific in its communication dated 20 September 1995 (point 6.2), where it is said that in D3 (fig.4) the substance covering the chip does not contact the top sheet and therefore "does not appear to protect the (upper) surface of the chip from an external force applied to the card and does not help to support the chip".

The appellant, on the other hand, submits that the illustrated contact could be purely coincidental and stresses that no effects or advantages are mentioned in the description.

11.3. As to the effect indicated by the Opposition Division in its communication, the Board has some difficulties in accepting that a resin layer contacting the top layer of the card would actually protect the surface of the chip from an external force applied to the card better than a resin layer separated from the top layer by an (arbitrarily small) distance. In fact, the respondent has at one time argued before the Opposition Division (see the letter dated 23 March 1995, page 3) that it is preferable that the IC chip can move somewhat for the very reason that it would then be better protected from external forces. The true nature of the effect therefore appears controversial. In the Board's view, if there are serious doubts about the alleged technical effect of a feature which was originally disclosed only in a drawing, this effect cannot fairly be said to be derivable from the application. It would then follow that the feature does not involve an inventive step since it has not been shown to solve a technical problem.

11.4. Furthermore, the feature in question seems to be obvious for a different reason. Standard IC cards, with which D1 and D3 are concerned, are only about 0.76 mm thick. It therefore appears probable, as the appellant has argued, that neighbouring layers of a card resulting from the contemplated combination of D1 and D3 would touch for the simple reason that, otherwise, the thickness requirements might not be met. It should be noted that the claimed resin layer is applied on the chip, ie where space is particularly limited.

11.5. The Board concludes that the additional feature that the chip contacts the top sheet does not involve an inventive step. Thus subsidiary requests 3 to 5 also have to be refused.

Referral to the Enlarged Board of Appeal

12. Coming back to the respondent's request for a referral to the Enlarged Board of Appeal, since none of the requests for maintenance of the patent is allowable for substantive reasons, the Board must conclude that it cannot refer any question under Article 112 EPC to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.

13. It follows that the appellant's request for revocation of the patent is to be granted.