8.1. Novelty criteria for use claims and process claims containing a purpose feature
8.1.1 General issues decided before the Enlarged Board of Appeal
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In general, the EPC allows both method claims and use claims, but whether an activity is claimed as a method of carrying out the activity (setting out a sequence of steps) or as the use of a thing for a stated purpose (the sequence of steps being implied) is a matter of preference. For the Enlarged Board of Appeal there is no difference of substance (G 5/83, OJ 1985, 64).
The Enlarged Board dealt in detail with the novelty of second non-medical uses in G 2/88 (OJ 1990, 93) and G 6/88 (OJ 1990, 114). The questions referred to it concerned use claims, i.e. claims defining a "use of compound X for a particular purpose", or similar wording, where the only novel feature was the purpose of that use. They were not about medical inventions but were of a general nature and primarily concerned interpretation of Art. 54(1) and (2) EPC 1973. The patentability of a second non-medical use of a product had already been recognised in principle in G 5/83 (OJ 1985, 64), which concerned the second medical use of a substance.
In the non-medical field use claims are admissible and not subject to special conditions.
In G 2/88 (OJ 1990, 93) and G 6/88 (OJ 1990, 114), the Enlarged Board had to decide whether a claim for the use of a compound for a particular non-medical purpose was novel under Art. 54 EPC 1973, having regard to a prior publication which disclosed the use of that compound for a different non-medical purpose, so that the only novel feature in the claims was the purpose for which the compound was used. The specific problem in these cases was that the previously disclosed use of the substance, although specifically stated to be for another purpose, would inherently comprise the use as claimed in the new application (T 59/87 date: 1988-04-26, OJ 1988, 347; T 208/88 of 20 July 1988 date: 1988-07-20).
The Enlarged Board cited T 231/85 (OJ 1989, 74), a case concerning an application for use as a fungicide of a compound already disclosed in the prior art as a growth regulator. The use according to the claimed invention and the use disclosed in the prior art were both carried out in the same way (i.e. the means of realisation was the same, namely the spraying of useful plants). The board had nevertheless concluded that the claimed invention was novel because the technical teaching in the application differed from that in the citation, and that, even if means of realisation was the same, the use was not yet known.
In G 2/88 and G 6/88, therefore, it was pointed out that a claimed invention lacked novelty unless it included at least one essential technical feature which distinguished it from the state of the art. A basic initial consideration, when deciding upon the novelty of a claim, was therefore to analyse it in order to determine its technical features. The Enlarged Board took the view that the proper interpretation of a claim whose wording clearly defined a new use of a known compound would normally be such that the attaining of a new technical effect on which the new use was based was a technical feature of the claimed invention. Thus, where the particular technical effect underlying such use was described in the patent, the proper interpretation of that claim would require a functional feature to be implicitly contained in the claim as a technical feature – e.g. the compound actually achieved the particular effect.
The Enlarged Board thus concluded that, with respect to a claim to a new use of a known compound, such new use might reflect a newly discovered technical effect described in the patent. The attaining of such a technical effect should then be considered as a functional technical feature of the claim (e.g. the achievement in a particular context of that technical effect). Had that technical feature not previously been made available to the public by any of the means set out in Art. 54(2) EPC 1973, then the claimed invention was novel, even though such technical effect might have inherently taken place in the course of carrying out what had previously been made available to the public. The final decisions in cases T 59/87 date: 1990-08-14 (OJ 1991, 561) and T 208/88 date: 1990-02-28 (OJ 1992, 22) both held that the claimed use inventions were novel and inventive.
- T 1099/16
In order to decide whether a claim to the use of a known compound for a particular purpose, based on a technical effect which is described in the patent, should be interpreted as including that technical effect as a functional technical feature according to G 2/88, the Board finds that G 2/88 does not require the technical effect to be described in the patent in a manner sufficiently clear and complete to make the actual achievement of that technical effect credible (Reasons 17). This finding applies even to a case where the ground for opposition under Article 100(b) EPC cannot be considered in the appeal proceedings (Reasons 24). If, for the assessment of inventive step, it has to be determined whether the purpose defined in the claim can be interpreted as a limiting functional feature, the question whether the technical effect is described in the patent merely involves considering whether a skilled person can recognise what technical effect underlies the new purpose claimed (Reasons 20).
- T 1385/15
Einem Anspruch auf eine weitere nicht-medizinische Verwendung kann Neuheit nicht abgesprochen werden, wenn die beanspruchte technische Wirkung des Stoffes und die beanspruchte Verwendungsweise nicht in Kombination im Stand der Technik offenbart sind (Punkt 2.4 der Begründung).
- Case law 2020
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In T 1385/15 the board held that a claim directed to a further non-medical use could not be found to lack novelty if the prior art did not disclose the claimed technical effect of the substance and the claimed use in combination. The contested decision concerned the patent's independent claim 1, which was directed to the use of a cleaning agent, containing at least two different surfactants selected from at least two of three groups of surfactants – cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric – and, when diluted ready-to-use in an aqueous solution, having a pH value of at least 10.5, to destroy/inactivate micro-organisms selected from the group comprising bacteria, viruses and fungi in the mechanical disinfection of articles. The opposition division had referred in the contested decision to documents D1a and D2 and arrived at the view that independent use claim 1 lacked novelty over D1a in light of D2. It had conceded that neither document in isolation disclosed all the features of that claim but, having analysed G 6/88 (OJ 1990, 114), which was authoritative on assessing the novelty of claims directed to a second non-medical use, concluded that the feature "for destroying ... bacteria, viruses and fungi" was not such as to confer novelty over D1a, because this technical effect of the cleaning agent defined in the claim was already known from D2 and so, in view of G 6/88's headnote ("provided that such technical feature has not previously been made available to the public"), could not make for a novel claim. The board considered that this interpretation in the contested decision was not in line with G 6/88, which itself stated, in point 8 of the Reasons, that, for a finding of lack of novelty, all the technical features of the claimed invention had to have been made publicly available together. The board therefore took the view that a novelty objection could not be based on a combination of the teaching of D1a with that of D2. Summing up, G 6/88 had held that the functional technical feature conferring novelty could lie in achieving a technical effect in a particular context. Thus, in the case at issue, the functional technical feature was the anti-microbial activity in the context of the claimed mechanical disinfection of articles. This feature was not disclosed in D2 and therefore could not be derived from it in any event.